Moving to a new country is exciting, and Japan, with its rich culture, safety, and world-class education, is a fantastic place to raise a family. But if you’re new to the country, Japan’s school system can feel quite different from what you may be used to.

This guide will help families like yours understand how Japan’s education system works, what cultural differences to expect, and how to choose between public, private, and international schools. We’ll also take a look at Japanese universities to give you a clear view of the higher-education landscape.

Understanding the Japanese School System

Japan’s education system is known for academic excellence, discipline, and strong community spirit. The structure is straightforward, but the approach is unique and deeply rooted in Japanese values.

The Structure of Schooling in Japan

Japan’s education system is divided into several key stages:

1. Yōchien (Kindergarten / Preschool): Ages 3 to 6
   Preschool is optional but very common.

   • Focuses on group play, manners, and social development rather than academics.

   • Most kindergartens are private and charge moderate tuition.
     
     

2. Shōgakkō (Elementary School): Ages 6 to 12
   Elementary school is compulsory and free in public schools.

   • Core subjects include Japanese language, mathematics, science, social studies, music, art, and physical education.

   • English language classes start around Grade 3.

   • Students are encouraged to develop responsibility,  they clean their classrooms, serve lunches, and work collaboratively.
     
     

3. Chūgakkō (Junior High School): Ages 12 to 15
   The second stage of compulsory education.

   • Students continue core academics and begin preparing for senior high school entrance exams.

   • Clubs (bukatsu), are a major part of school life.

   • Uniforms are standard, and discipline is emphasized.
     
     

4. Kōtōgakkō (Senior High School): Ages 15 to 18
   Not compulsory, but almost all students continue.

   • Admission is through competitive exams.

   • Schools may specialize (academic, technical, commercial, or vocational).

   • Academic high schools prepare students for university, while vocational ones focus on trades and professional skills.

What Comes After Senior High School?

After high school, students have several options:

• University (Daigaku) – 4-year programs leading to a bachelor’s degree.

• Junior College (Tanki Daigaku) – 2- to 3-year programs, often focused on practical skills or professional training.

• Vocational School (Senmon Gakkō) – Specialized institutions offering practical and technical education.

University entrance is highly competitive, and students often attend “cram schools” (juku) to prepare for exams.

Can Students Switch Between Paths?

Yes, but transitions depend heavily on academic performance and exam results. While it’s possible to move between academic and vocational streams, Japanese schooling tends to follow a structured, exam-based progression. International and returnee students, however, often have more flexible pathways through bilingual or international programs.

School Types: Public, Private, or International?

Japan offers a variety of schooling options, each with its own strengths and atmosphere.

Public Schools (Kōritsu Gakkō)

• Run by local or national governments and free of tuition up to junior high.

• Follow a national curriculum set by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).

• Instruction is in Japanese, so these are best suited for children who speak or plan to learn the language quickly.

• High educational standards and strong community involvement.

Private Schools (Shiritsu Gakkō)

• Charge tuition but often offer smaller class sizes and more facilities.

• May include religious or specialized schools (e.g., music, science, or international programs).

• Many have excellent reputations and are known for producing top university candidates.

International Schools

• Offer curricula in English or other languages (IB, British, American, or international hybrid programs).

• Great for expat families or those planning to move again.

• Tuition can be expensive, but many offer scholarships or corporate education packages.

• Common in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka.

Language and Integration

• The primary language of instruction in public schools is Japanese.

• Many local schools offer Japanese as a Second Language (JSL) classes for foreign students.

• For children not yet fluent, international or bilingual schools may ease the transition.

• English proficiency in Japan is improving, and bilingual programs are expanding rapidly in urban areas.

Universities in Japan

Japan is home to some of the world’s top universities, combining cutting-edge research with deep academic tradition.

Some of the most prestigious universities include:

• University of Tokyo (Todai) – Japan’s leading institution and highly ranked globally.

• Kyoto University – Known for research, humanities, and natural sciences.

• Osaka University – Focused on technology, engineering, and innovation.

• Waseda University – A top private university with many programs taught in English.

• Keio University – Prestigious private institution known for business and law.

Academic Calendar: April to March (with a long summer break in August)
Tuition: Public universities charge around ¥500,000–¥600,000/year (~€3,000–€4,000). Private universities may cost double.
Language: Many top universities offer English-taught programs through initiatives like Global 30 (G30).

Cultural School Norms in Japan

Japan’s school culture emphasizes respect, community, and personal discipline, values that shape every aspect of daily school life.

• Uniforms: Worn by nearly all junior and senior high students; they symbolize equality and unity.

• Cleanliness and responsibility: Students clean classrooms and hallways themselves, fostering respect for shared spaces.

• Punctuality: Being on time is crucial and considered a sign of good character.

• Lunch culture: Students eat nutritious meals provided by the school, often served by classmates.

• School spirit: Participation in sports days (undōkai), festivals (bunkasai), and clubs builds teamwork and pride.

• Respect for teachers: Teachers are addressed as Sensei and are deeply respected figures in students’ lives.

Where to Begin Your Search

Finding the right school in Japan depends on your child’s age, language ability, and long-term plans. Here’s how to begin:

1. Define your priorities:
   Is your focus on local integration, academic rigor, or international continuity?

2. Research school types:
   Use local education boards or expat forums to explore nearby public and private options.

3. Visit schools:
   Open days and campus tours are common — meet teachers, see facilities, and ask about language support.

4. Language preparation:
   If entering a Japanese-speaking environment, consider extra language tutoring before enrollment.

5. Consider international options:
   Major cities have many IB and English-language schools, including:

   • The American School in Japan (Tokyo)

   • British School in Tokyo

   • Yokohama International School

   • Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin

   • Nagoya International School

6. Application timing:
   The school year starts in April (not September), though international schools may follow Western calendars.

7. Talk to other parents:
   Expat networks, social media groups, and embassy resources are invaluable for insights.

Regional Highlights – Schools for Expat Families

Tokyo

• The American School in Japan (ASIJ) – US curriculum; strong academics and extracurriculars.

• British School in Tokyo – UK curriculum, IGCSE and A-levels, in central locations.

• Tokyo International School – IB curriculum; multicultural environment.

Osaka & Kansai Region

• Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin – IB-accredited, collaborative with local schools.

• Canadian Academy (Kobe) – One of Asia’s oldest international schools; IB World School.

Nagoya

• Nagoya International School – IB curriculum with American structure; strong arts and sciences programs.

Fukuoka

• Fukuoka International School – English-language education; close-knit community; IB-accredited.

Final Thoughts and Next Steps

Japan offers a remarkable education system that blends tradition with innovation. Whether you choose a local Japanese school or an international program, your child will learn in an environment that values discipline, respect, and lifelong curiosity.

For families planning to stay long-term, public or bilingual schools are great for language and cultural immersion. For those on shorter assignments, international schools provide smooth transitions and globally recognized credentials.

With a bit of preparation and an open mind, your child will thrive in Japan’s rich and dynamic educational environment.